This story first appeared in the March 2019 edition of Australian Aviation.
There are few sets of numbers that immediately bring to mind a picture, but 747 is one of them, all thanks to Boeing’s iconic aircraft, the original “jumbo jet”, which made its first flight on February 9, 1969.
Of all the aircraft ever produced, the 747 is the most famous – but that also means that part of its story has a tendency to drift from fact to folklore.
As the 50th anniversary of its first flight approached, Australian Aviation sat down for a wide-ranging conversation with Boeing company historian Mike Lombardi to separate the history from the fantasy, to delve into the fascinating background of this unique aircraft, and to learn how Boeing didn’t just build the 747 – the 747 built Boeing.
At the time the 747 was conceived, designed and created, Lombardi began, “the jet age was still quite new. The 1960s was an amazing time of growth, both for the airlines and for the industry, keeping in mind that the 707 had just been introduced in 1958 followed, just a few years later, by the 727 and the 737.
“At Boeing, the idea of a family of jetliners became the product strategy. The 747 and a Supersonic Transport would fit into that product family; you would have a variety of capabilities, different sizes of airplanes in different ranges, and then different speeds that could satisfy the needs of the customers.”
“It was also very apparent at the time,” Lombardi said (in a wry nod to hindsight being 20/20) “that once the supersonics came out — the Concorde and the ill-fated Boeing Supersonic Transport — passengers, especially on international travel, would gravitate to those airplanes. So that did influence the design of the 747.
“It’s actually a really interesting part of the 747 history that contributed so much to its success: planning for its eventual demise, with the SST and the Concorde being the planes of choice for passengers when they became available.”
Enter Joe Sutter, the legendary Boeing engineer, the oft-described “father of the 747”, put in charge of an aircraft that at the time was seen as something of a secondary endeavour for the airframer.
Lombardi explained: “Joe Sutter and his team at Boeing knew that the 747 would take on a broader role in carrying freight, as a cargo airplane rather than a passenger plane. With that in mind, they set out to make the airplane a great freight aircraft, a great cargo aircraft.
“To do that, they looked at what size containers it could take, how they could load it, what would be the most efficient way in looking toward the future, and using that large fuselage to do it. One of the things that they determined, based on a lot of the military planes that we were familiar with at that time, was that these planes would be loaded through a ramp in the rear, or they would swing the nose and load the cargo directly through the fuselage, rather than a side door.”
Contemporary wisdom from the jet-age military came from the rear-loading Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, introduced into the United States Air Force in 1965, and from the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy which entered service five years later and can load from the nose and/or tail ramps. Boeing, for its part, had provided interim lift at the beginning of the jet age with the side-doored C-135 Stratolifter aircraft from the same family as its 707.
Sutter and his team “made the decision that they would make the 747 capable of having cargo loaded through the nose of the airplane.
Of course, the problem with that – even when you look at a 707 or DC-8 – is that the flight deck is in the way. That’s where the idea of putting the flight deck on top of the fuselage came from. Get the flight deck out of the way so that you could hinge the nose and load cargo,” Lombardi said.
“That’s how the 747 got its hump. A huge part of the 747 is that distinctive shape. It came out of this whole idea that the airplane would be a freighter; that a lot of the passenger planes would be converted to freighters, probably sometime in the 1970s.
“What’s interesting is that we actually did have that program, the Boeing Converted Freighter program, but that wasn’t until more recently. So it’s really kind of a tribute to the airplane lasting as a passenger aircraft.”
Creating and designing – ingenuity and inspiration
Much credit for the market demand for the 747 is usually given to Juan Trippe, the giant of aviation behind Pan American World Airways, better known as Pan Am. That credit, Mike Lombardi said, is well deserved.
He said Boeing had been working on a response to a contract eventually won by the Lockheed C-5.
“That gave our folks, our design team, the idea that we could make a bigger passenger jet so a few studies were done along those lines.”
The Boeing proposal for the CX-HLS (Cargo Experimental-Heavy Logistics System) resembles little more than a high-winged 747 with a 707 tail, clearly showing the evolution of what would become the 747.
On the commercial side, meanwhile, said Lombardi: “What started it was Juan Trippe at Pan Am.”
At the time the 707 was making inroads into the high-speed travel market against the competitive backdrop of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) Comet and the Soviet-inspired TU104.
“With that quick growth,” Lombardi said, “airports were getting full. Basically, Trippe’s thought was rather than expanding the airports they needed bigger airplanes.”
“He had a good relationship with Boeing’s CEO at the time, Bill Allen, an incredible partnership that really spawned the jet age. He came to Bill Allen and said: ‘We want a bigger airplane. We want something twice the size of a 707’.
“The response from Bill Allen was: ‘Well, if you’ll buy it, we’ll build it.’”
Lombardi said early concepts based around making the aircraft twice the size of the 707 involved taking two 707 fuselages and stacking one on top of the other.
“Sutter, who headed up the design team, didn’t like that idea from the beginning,” Lombardi said.
Instead the team pushed for width and, essentially at that time, brought about the introduction of the widebody airliner.
The scale of the 747 compared with contemporary long-haul airliners was mammoth: twice the size, twice the number of passengers, more than twice the weight. The largest airliners of the time were just a few metres longer than Boeing’s current line of 737s.
“It wasn’t just fractionally larger, like some of the big planes we’re putting out today where you add a couple of feet to the wingspan or the height of the tail and call it the world’s biggest jet. That’s what was amazing about the 747.
Lombardi said that at the time it was so big that people wondered if it was capable of sustained flight.
On February 9, 1969, it did just that, with four ground-breaking high-bypass turbofan Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines powering the aircraft that would later be known as Queen of the Skies into the air above Everett, Washington.
Another reason to love the 747! It has flown more than 5.9 billion people – the equivalent of 78% of the world's population. Tell us why you love the 747 too by tagging #WhyILoveThe747 on your tweets. pic.twitter.com/Mab15BV85H
— Boeing Airplanes (@BoeingAirplanes) February 4, 2019
The cargo age and containerisation
But even before its first flight, the 747’s design was predicated on cargo. The practicalities of its initial and predicted cargo missions were, and remain, integral to the 747 together with the contemporaneous design of the unit load device (ULD), the element of the containerised shipping revolution that would change the face of airline cargo for the next half century and beyond.
ULDs are the metal boxes in a variety of shapes and sizes that passengers worldwide are used to seeing whizzing around airports on baggage carts, being loaded into aircraft or sitting on the apron. The size, shape, capacity and other characteristics of ULDs are specified by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the primary global airline trade association, but the size and shape of the original LD1 container relates directly to the shape of the belly cargo space within the Boeing 747.
Lombardi said one of the interesting debates of the time, against the backdrop of the military cargo planes already in service – primarily the C-141 Starlifter and the Lockheed C-5 – was around the ease of loading from the ground of an aircraft with a high wing.
When it came to the 747 the design decision was to create a low-wing aircraft, but also for ease of maintenance of the engines and parts of the airframe. As well, said Lombardi, “there’s some other aerodynamic ideas that just work better as low-wing airplane.
“With that decision to make the airplane a more conventional, commercial jet . . . they had to come up with an idea of how to load the plane,” he said.
“Part of the process of making the 747 into a freighter was designing and looking at different ramps and loaders, and eventually coming up with the different types of loaders that are very conventional today. That was all part of the design process of the cargo freight version of the 747.”
The 747 defined the passenger experience for generations
Above the cargo deck, however, the 747 created an entirely different world of passenger experience. The early jet age jumbos featured everything from lounges to full beds to pianos.
Early on, Pan Am “wanted a piano on the upper deck, which had to be put into the airplane before it was finished, so it had to be put in during assembly because there was no way to get onto the upper deck, otherwise,” explained Lombardi.
“There was a lot of competition by the airlines to outdo one another in showing the luxury of that upper deck – and, of course, the other first class areas in the nose of the airplane which was unique because you did get a small bit of a forward view.”
From Qantas’s Captain Cook Lounge to the myriad other spaces – often garishly 1970s in colour, materials and style to our modern eyes – the upper deck 747 lounge did not last long. The 747-200, enabled for full passenger seating on the upper deck, came with a full set of windows along the upper deck rather than just the three windows of the upper lounges, spaced farther apart.
#Jumbo turns 50 on saturday! ? Back then passengers reached the #Lufthansa bar in the First Class Lounge on the upper deck via a spiral staircase. With its "hump" the @BoeingAirplanes #747 is still a #styleicon for many aviation lovers. ❤️ #QueenOfTheSkies #WhyILoveThe747 #tbt pic.twitter.com/RzIVm62lvV
— Lufthansa News (@lufthansaNews) February 7, 2019
Some airlines, including TWA and British Airways, later converted three-windowed -100 jets to a full set of 10 windows and after seats were installed upstairs, the 747’s hump became a swift favourite with flyers in the know.
“Once they started putting more passengers into the upper deck and realising there was more revenue up there with passenger seating rather than having a lounge, there was some interest in expanding it,” Lombardi explained.
Airlines then installed either economy class seats in a 3-3 configuration, or, more frequently, early business class recliners in a 2-2 layout. Some early international premium economy seats also found their way upstairs in a 2-2 formation. Later, angled sleeper seats, or fully flat business class beds in a 2-2 configuration, were supplanted by fully flat beds with direct aisle access such as those offered by Virgin Atlantic, Cathay Pacific or Delta.
Even today, habitués of business and first class continue to debate their preference for the private jet-like atmosphere of the upper deck versus the tapering nose of the 747 which also went from either a 3-3 economy, 2-2 in business, or 1-1 in first class and then 1-2-1 or 1-1-1 in business, depending on the seat used by particular airlines.
Further back, the original economy configuration of early 747s was a remarkably wide nine-abreast, compared with the universal 10-abreast 3-4-3 layout of today’s 747 passenger fleet. Qantas, for example, operated early aircraft in a 3-4-2 configuration, rarely seen today except by those passengers travelling on certain Japan Airlines 777-300ERs. Yet much like the later 777, the 747 fell victim to the densification of economy class, and a 10th seat was installed.
At that point, the 747’s roughly 17-inch-wide seats became the general standard for economy class, driven partially by the aircraft’s enduring presence in the skies. (As there is no officially agreed width measurement, unlike seat pitch, precision in comparisons is somewhat complex.)
Until the arrival of the Airbus A380 in the mid-2000s, the 747’s reign as an airline flagship aircraft allowed carriers to introduce a wide variety of passenger experience innovations, including business class in the late 1970s, premium economy in the early 1990s, the first fully flat bed in first class on a modern airliner (British Airways in 1995), the first angled lie-flat sleeper in business (Virgin Atlantic 1999), the first fully flat bed in business class (British Airways 2000), and the first fully flat bed offering direct aisle access to every passenger (Virgin Atlantic 2003).
Yet the 747 didn’t just develop to meet passenger needs: its size, shape and performance evolved to serve the needs of passenger airlines, freight carriers, governments, the military, scientific organisations – and even
to support spaceflight.
No other civil airliner has fulfilled so many disparate missions
At launch, the 747-100’s range stood at 4,620nm, only slightly further than today’s most efficient narrowbodies. The 747-200B not only increased the number of passengers onboard by turning the upper deck into seating space and by increasing the amount of usable space within the upstairs bubble, it also increased the range
to 6,560nm.
Stretched upper deck versions of the 747, often marked by “SUD” in their model names, débuted on the domestic Japanese high-volume routes as the 747-100BSR, and were later offered by Boeing as both a linefit and retrofit option for the -100, -200 and -SP series, creating an interesting challenge for observers throughout the service lives of these aircraft. Later, the Japanese market 747-400D, with its stretched upper deck but lacking the -400’s signature winglets, would similarly challenge the next generation to distinguish between it and a 747-300.
Happy 50 years of flight to the #Boeing 747! We are celebrating the Queen of the Skies and want to hear from you! Join the conversation and tell us why the 747 is special to you: https://t.co/u2LPfJWsfp #WhyILoveThe747 pic.twitter.com/Gx9ahSfU4V
— Boeing Airplanes (@BoeingAirplanes) February 9, 2019
But take a moment, close your eyes and imagine a 747. Does it have the stretched upper deck? Does it have winglets?
For a growing proportion of readers as time goes by, the answer to both those questions, and thus their image of the quintessential 747, will be yes. That’s the 747-400, which comprises nearly half of the 747 aircraft built to date, across the -400, -400D (Japanese domestic), -400ER (extended range), -400ERF (extended range freighter), -400F (freighter) and -400M (combi) variants.
Indeed, combi versions of the family, where the rear section of the main deck was given over to door-loaded palletised or ULD cargo, were built for the -200, -300 and -400 generations of the 747.
The 747-400, developed in the 1980s with the benefit of improved aerodynamics, fly-by-wire controls and two-person flight decks (from experience with the 757 and 767 programmes), would come to dominate long-haul flying for many years, particularly for the Australian market. The -400 increased range to 7,285nmi, and the 747-400ER, ordered only by Qantas, to 7,670nm.
The -ERF freighter model, which offered either a boost in range or payload, rounded out the 747’s production at the end of the 2000s, with the final -400ERF delivered in 2009 before the first flight of the 747-8F in 2010 and the passenger version, 747-8I, in 2011. To date, neither has been as hugely successful as its widebody stablemates or previous 747 generations.
But the 747 isn’t just one jet, and never has been. Like other stalwarts of the skies, it has evolved beyond recognition in many ways, apart from the most immediately visible: its iconic hump.
“The 747 was probably our most studied airframe, I would say, in the entire history of the company,” said Boeing historian Mike Lombardi.
“The product development team looked at that airplane in so many different ways over the years, and had so many different ideas. I think that the one they had hoped for the most, and it didn’t really come about, was making it into a military cargo airplane. There was big competition with the DC-10 for an advanced tanker cargo airplane. I think that was one . . . everybody felt that we wanted very desperately to win, and didn’t come about.
“There were a number of interesting studies done in making the airplane bigger, and those eventually did lead to the plane we have today, the 747-8, and advancing it, making it better, (with) a more efficient wing and putting bigger engines in it, stretching it a bit.
“We see the results now really with the ultimate 747 in the -8: that airplane has probably been studied for a long time in a lot of different ways,” Lombardi said.
“There were concepts. There was the airplane to be used to launch space vehicles. That was a concept that Boeing did back in the 1970s, making a possible launch vehicle for a space shuttle type spacecraft. They envisioned the 747 basically doing any kind of job that you can imagine.”
US space agency NASA operated two heavily modified 747-100 airframes as the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, capable of transporting the space shuttle orbiters from their landing site to the launch site, and indeed launched the first test space shuttle, Enterprise, from the top of one of the carrier aircraft in 1977.
These aircraft were retired in 2012, but NASA and the German space agency DLR still operate the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) telescope on a modified 747SP, N747NA, previously operated by Pan Am and United Airlines, contains a large infrared telescope behind a port side door aft of the wing, retracting in flight to allow telescope operations above the level of most water vapour in the atmosphere.
The #QueenOfTheSkies has always had stars in her eyes. Whether giving the space shuttles a lift or working as the @NASA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Happy 50th, @BoeingAirplanes 747! #WhyILoveThe747 pic.twitter.com/8efrnZKan4
— Boeing Space (@BoeingSpace) February 9, 2019
Beyond that, Lombardi said, “there’s a lot of different applications, military applications that were looked at for the 747. A lot of those didn’t play out. Of course, some of them did – with the Command Post and Air Force One – but there was a lot of hope to do more work as a freighter.”
The United States Air Force E-4B, the military version of the 747-200B, serves as the Advanced Airborne Command Post, designated the National Airborne Operations Center when in action. Nicknamed Kneecap from its previous name, the National Emergency Airborne Command Post (NEACP), it is intended to serve as a survivable command centre for US command and control operations, and was commonly known during the Cold War as the “doomsday plane”.
Similarly, the two VC-25 aircraft commonly known as Air Force One are only technically so designated when actually carrying the President of the United States. These aircraft, based on the 747-200B and delivered in 1990 to replace the VC-137C – based on the 707 – are themselves to be replaced by 2024 by a pair of heavily modified 747-8Is.
Yet the US military used many more 747s than just those carrying military designations, with extra lift from the civilian fleet working frequently for military customers. “A lot of the Pan Am airplanes were modified for the Civil Reserve Air Fleet, and were then called up for the Gulf War” operations in both 1990-1991 and 2003-2011,
explained Lombardi.
Possibly the oddest-looking 747 ever modified was the YAL-1A Airborne Laser Testbed, a modified 747-400F that operated between 2002 and 2014, intended to intercept tactical and intercontinental ballistic missiles by heating their skin to create structural failures. But there’s still plenty of time in the life of the 747 programme for that modification to be surpassed.
The future of the 747 isn’t in the 747 — it’s in Boeing
The Airbus A380 is larger. The Boeing 777 and soon the Airbus A330 are more numerous. The air and cabin pressure inside newer jets such as the Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 are better for fatigue and jetlag. More modern aircraft have more spacious first and business class seating – though arguably that is not true for many aircraft in economy class with high-density nine and 10-abreast seating (the 787 and 777 respectively).
In the foreseeable future, the 747 will cease production but will remain the icon, the gold standard, the jet that first said jet to travellers across decades and across continents, the flagship of fleets worldwide for nearly half a century, the testbed for technologies and inflight products that Joe Sutter and his teams could barely dream of, the aircraft that made stepping on to a plane one moment and stepping off it a day later on the other side of the world not just possible but commonplace.
The 747 inspired generations of aircraft enthusiasts young and old, changed the way Boeing operated, and redefined the world of airline travel. Its role can’t be understated not just in its operations, but in how it changed Boeing as a company — and the aerospace industry by extension.
“It really reinforced this idea of doing difficult things at Boeing, and that’s an idea that really goes back to Bill Boeing who suggested that’s what we do,” said Lombardi.
“I think the 747 was a great example of that: it was very hard. It was long hours, coming up with brand new ideas, thinking outside the box, pushing limits on all fronts: intellectually, financially, even physically, with people working just extreme hours to get this done, and the dedication to get it done.
“In all, they set an example for us today here at Boeing. They gave us the belief that we can do hard things; that we can essentially take things that other people say are impossible to do and do them. Here it is 50 years later. We’re still building it.
“It was built to last, and it has.”
VIDEO: A look at the history of the 747 from a 2016 post on Boeing’s YouTube channel.
This story first appeared in the March 2019 edition of Australian Aviation. To read more stories like this, subscribe here.
